Unique exoplanet photobombs Cheops satellite study of nearby star system

This infographic reveals the details of the Nu2 Lupi planetary system, which was recently explored by ESA's exoplanet watcher Cheops (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite). Credit: ESA; data: L. Delrez et al (2021)

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While exploring two exoplanets in a bright nearby star system, ESA's exoplanet-hunting Cheops satellite has unexpectedly spotted the system's third known planet crossing the face of the star. This transit reveals exciting details about a rare planet with no known equivalent, say the researchers.

The discovery is one of the first results from ESA's Cheops (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite), and the first time an exoplanet with a period of over 100 days has been spotted transiting a star that is bright enough to be visible to the naked eye.

Named Nu2 Lupi, this bright, Sun-like star is located just under 50 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Lupus (the Wolf). In 2019, the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) at the ESO 3.6-meter telescope in Chile discovered three exoplanets (named "b," "c" and "d," with the star deemed to be object "A") in the system, with masses between those of Earth and Neptune and orbits lasting 11.6, 27.6 and 107.6 days. The innermost two of these planets—b and c—were subsequently found to transit Nu2 Lupi by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), making it one of only three naked-eye stars known to host multiple transiting planets.

Laetitia Delrez of the University of Liège, Belgium, and lead author of the new finding said, transiting systems such as Nu2 Lupi are of paramount importance in our understanding of how planets form and evolve, as we can compare several planets around the same bright star in detail. We set out to build on previous studies of Nu2 Lupi and observe planets b and c crossing the face of Nu2 Lupi with Cheops, but during a transit of planet c we spotted something amazing: An unexpected transit by planet 'd,' which lies further out in the system.

Planetary transits create a valuable opportunity to study a planet's atmosphere, orbit, size, and interior. A transiting planet blocks a tiny but detectable proportion of its star's light as it crosses in front of its star and it was this drop in light that led Laetitia and colleagues to their discovery. As long-period exoplanets orbit so far from their stars, the chances of seeing one during transit are incredibly low, making Cheops's finding a real surprise.

Using the high-precision capabilities of Cheops, planet d was found to be about 2.5 times the radius of Earth, confirmed to take just over 107 days to loop once around its star, and using archival observations from ground-based telescopes, found to have a mass of 8.8 times that of Earth.

Co-author David Ehrenreich of the University of Geneva, Switzerland said, the amount of stellar radiation reaching planet d is also mild in comparison to many other discovered exoplanets; in our solar system, Nu2 Lupi d would orbit between Mercury and Venus. Combined with its bright parent star, long orbital period, and suitability for follow-up characterization, this makes planet d hugely exciting it is an exceptional object with no known equivalent, and sure to be a golden target for future study.

Most long-period transiting exoplanets discovered to date have been found around stars that are too faint to allow detailed follow-up observations, meaning that little is known about their planets' properties. Nu2 Lupi, however, is bright enough to be an attractive target for other powerful telescopes based in space such as the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope or forthcoming NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope or large observatories on the ground.

Laetitia said, given its overall properties and orbit, this makes planet d a uniquely favorable target for studying an exoplanet with a mild-temperature atmosphere around a star similar to the Sun.

By combining new Cheops data with archival data from other observatories, the researchers were able to accurately determine the mean densities of all of Nu2 Lupi's known planets and put strong constraints on their possible compositions.

They found planet b to be mainly rocky, while planets c and d appear to contain large amounts of water enshrouded in envelopes of hydrogen and helium gases. In fact, planets c and d contain far more water than Earth: A quarter of each planet's mass is made up of water, compared to less than 0.1% for Earth. This water, however, is not liquid, instead of taking the form of high-pressure ice or high-temperature steam.

ESA Cheops project scientist Kate Isaak said, while none of these planets would be habitable, their diversity makes the system even more exciting, and a great future prospect for testing how these bodies form and change over time. There is also the potential to search for rings or moons in the Nu2 Lupi system, as the exquisite precision and stability of Cheops could allow detection of bodies down to roughly the size of Mars.

Cheops is designed to collect ultra-high precision data of individual stars known to host planets, rather than sweeping more generally for possible exoplanets around many stars and this focus and precision is proving exceptionally useful in understanding the star systems around us.

Kate said, these exciting results demonstrate once again the huge potential of Cheops. Cheops will allow us not just to better understand known exoplanets, as shown in this and other early results from the mission, but also to discover new ones and reveal their secrets.

Journal information: Laetitia Delrez et al, Transit detection of the long-period volatile-rich super-Earth ν2 Lupi d with CHEOPS, Nature Astronomy (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-021-01381-5