For this question, let's first understand the structure of the sun. The sun is a fireball made of plasma. The interior is divided into the core area, radiation area, and convection area from the inside to the outside, and the outermost layer is the atmosphere. We believe everyone is familiar with this shell structure, which is similar to the structure of the earth. The solar atmosphere can be divided into three layers, namely the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona.
As for the sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, prominences, and solar wind mentioned in the question, they all occur in the solar atmosphere. Let me introduce them to you one by one.
Sunspots are not black. They are areas where the magnetic field on the surface of the sun is highly concentrated, containing huge energy, and the temperature is relatively high, but the temperature in this area is slightly lower than the average temperature on the surface of the sun. A dark zone formed on the surface. The region where sunspots are located is the photosphere, the lowest part of the sun's atmosphere. Light spots always appear in the photosphere near sunspots, and spectral spots always appear in the chromosphere above sunspots.
Where there are sunspots, there are solar flares. When the magnetic field lines above the sunspots appear in magnetic reconnection, huge energy will be released and a large amount of radiation will be radiated into space. This phenomenon is called solar flares. in the chromosphere. After a solar flare occurs, sunspots will become smaller or even disappear. The intensity of solar flares can be divided into different levels, and the larger ones will have a certain impact on human beings.
As for the prominence, it is a long ring protrusion extending outward from the chromosphere of the sun. It is called prominence because it looks a bit like the earrings of the sun. Among them, the largest prominence on the sun is hundreds of thousands of kilometers higher than the sun's surface, and there will be a huge hole in the middle of the prominence, enough to fill dozens of earth. Prominences often appear near sunspots.
The prominence is an unstable structure that releases enormous amounts of energy when it ruptures. Among them, active prominences exist for about 5 minutes on average, while stationary prominences can exist for several months.
As the prominence ebbs and flows, the energy released will cause part of the material in the corona to leave the surface of the sun and be thrown into space. This is called a coronal mass ejection. Coronal mass ejections are often accompanied by flares, and if the phenomenon is aimed at Earth, it can seriously interfere with radio communications on Earth and even damage satellites in space.
There is a huge radiation pressure inside the sun, and some particles will escape from the surface of the sun. The so-called solar wind is actually the stream of charged particles radiated from the surface of the sun, mainly the corona. The speed of these charged particle streams is as high as hundreds of kilometers per second, and the formation of aurora is related to it. The solar wind exists all the time. The difference between it and a coronal mass ejection is that a coronal mass ejection ejects a lot of charged particles in an instant, which can be regarded as a directional, high-intensity solar wind.
Among them, sunspots are the most concern by scientists, because it is the core of the solar active region, and most of the solar eruptive activities occur in the atmosphere above the sunspots. Therefore, when larger sunspots appear on the surface of the sun, or the number of sunspots increases, it means that the sun's activities will become more intense.
In short, these are all produced by the joint action of the huge radiant energy inside the sun, the sun's gravitational force and the sun's magnetic field.